-2136 ... Chinese astronomers record a solar eclipse
-2000 ... Construction of The Great Pyramid
-1700 ... Egyptian mathematicians employ primitive fractions
-530 ... Pythagoras studies propositional geometry and vibrating lyre strings
-440 ...
Democritus
speculates about
fundamental
indivisible particles
---calls them
``atoms''
-350 ... Aristotle argues for a spherical Earth using lunar eclipses and other observations
-300 ... Euclid studies geometry. Books 1-4 of Euclid's "Elements" are entirely Pythagorean.
-260 ... Archimedes computes "pi" to two decimal places using inscribed and cirumscribed polygons and computes the area under a parabolic segment
60 ... Nichomachus, Syrian Greek first details in common language Pythagorean mathematics from the writings of Plato. (Nichomachus is to arithmetic what Euclid was to geometry...both composed what Pythagoras invented from Platos' documents.)
180... Romans translate Nichomachus' "Introduction to Arithmetic" into Latin. Is then translated from Latin into Arabic, "Kitab al-musiqi al-kabir" (see H.G. Farmer, The Music of Islam, p. 458, 465.)
250 ... Diophantus
writes {Arithmetica}, the first systematic
treatise on algebra
550 ... Hindu
mathematicians
give zero a numeral
representation in a
positional notation system
1020 ...
Arabic numeral representations 
1202 ... Leonardo Fibonacci demonstrates the utility of Arabic numerals in his { Book of the Abacus}
1504 ... Leonardo da Vinci designs the Great Horse entirely from Fibonacci ratios. Notebooks show much of his work has Fibonacci ratios in every aspect of illustration and design.
1512 ... Nicholas Copernicus first states his heliocentric theory in {Commentariolus}
1543 ...
Nicholas Copernicus shows that his heliocentric theory simplifies planetary
motion tables in
{De Revolutionibus de Orbium Coelestium}
1609 ... Johannes Kepler states his first two empirical laws of planetary motion and focuses on Pythagoras Doctrine
1609 ... Galileo Galilei builds his first optical refracting telescope
1611 ... Johannes Kepler discovers total internal reflection, a small angle refraction law, and thin lens optics
1613 ... Galileo Galilei uses sunspot observations to demonstrate the rotation of the Sun
1617 ... Henry Briggs discusses decimal logarithms in Logarithmorum Chilias Prima
1638
... Galileo Galilei
publishes {Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences}
1675 ...
Isaac Newton
invents an algorithm for
the computation of functional roots
1739 ...
Leonhard
Euler
Musical Equal temperament
matrices
1800 ...
William Herschel discovers infrared radiation from the Sun
1801 ... Johann Ritter discovers ultraviolet radiation
1807 ... Joseph Fourier first announces his discoveries about the trigonometric decomposition of functions. Study of sine waves leads to Fourier Analysis used today.
1834 ...
Hermann Helmholtz proposes gravitational contraction as the energy source
for the Sun
(his theories of Music Physics are still studied today)
1888 ... Heinrich Hertz discovers radio waves
1895 ... Wilhelm R'ontgen discovers X-rays
1897 ... Joseph Thomson discovers the electron
1900 ... Paul Villard discovers gamma-rays while studying uranium decay
1905 ...Albert Einstein completes his theory of special relativity and states the law of mass-energy conservation
